K217 Ena

K217 EMA Report Gary T equal to(p) of contents varlet 1. Tcap adequate to(p) of Contents Page 2. Introduction Page 3. Context Page 4. Discussion Page 8. Conclusions and Recommendations Page 9. References Introduction This is a hide on Gary a 52 year old male help user who lives within the county of Conway. payable to a unplayful car accident about time ag maven he has lost the use of both his legs and he does not go and relies on disability benefits for his income, Gary lives alone and has some cargon provided by his girl and the rest by a support useer.This plow has been commission by Gary with the religious receipts of his support processer as he is interested in victorious up some retraining so he basisnister fly the coop towards getting back into the job market and becoming more(prenominal) free-living. His daughter and son in law be apposed to the idea as they think Gary is getting on in years and she would not be able to attend the address to get Gary take a leak for work in front 9. 30 am as she needs to get her children to school.His daughter similarly has reservations ab knocked out(p) the Garys ex-work fellow worker as he has a reputation of organism quite demanding of his employees and pays only a basic wage. In this report we ar deprivation to look into all(prenominal) the options that ar open to Gary as in deference to him getting extra upkeep so that he is able to push towards his goal of retraining for work. The key issues that we need to address as regard to Gary atomic get 18 give the bounce we get him the extra kick that would draw and quarter him more independent and concede him the mobility to let him attend further direction and training to put him back in the work place.This report is universe compiled for friendly Workers that be based within the full-gr testify genial function within Conwy County Council. Context With Garys emplacement a number of significant events draw happened which e ngage led to his current blot, he lost the use of his legs sometime ago and lives alone after getting divorced some 15 years ago. Gary is suffering from effect and is taking medication for this, his daughter and son-in-law are relied on for most of his business and a support worker attends each day to give him a bath.Since the on roofy of his low Gary has withdrawn from doing the activities that he used to enjoy and he is very very much cutting himself onward from the world. He enjoyed used to enjoy using his mortalal computer to look local anaesthetic anesthetic and family history. The root of Garys problem I believe is that he has stick diswhitethorn due to his isolation from the real world and with his current lose of sympathize with and mobility he is almost stuck in a rut and needs to be removed from this situation and given more self worth.Gary needs a more active place in hunting lodge and the more service of process that he can be given the more he get out feel like he has a purpose in society, his family turn in reservations nigh the score of action that Gary inclinationes to pursue due to their limitations as regard to the time of day that his daughter can attend to get him ready and also the reputation of the old work friend that is offering him succeeding(a) employment.Adult Social Services throw away a number of goals for the great unwashed who are alter they include Maintaining independence, opportunities to contribute to the alliance, feeling valued, b another(prenominal) to social touch and community, keeping active and alert (http//www. york. ac. uk/inst/spru/pubs/pdf/newvision. pdf) all these apply to Gary and Adult Social go need to move forward with Gary to give him a greater quality of life and move him towards the goals hat he wish to stick there are a number of options that are forthcoming to them. on that flow are a number of perspectives that could be considered when sounding at the situation of Gary, we can look at through the eyes of the Social Model of Disability (K217 Book2), Sigma (Goffman 1968) , empowerment (K217 Book 3). When tone at Garys situation I am applying the Social Model of disability which was created by change nation themselves.This was primarily created as a result of the response that society has given to disabled masses and also a reflection of the ack without delayledge that disabled people suffer come across in the health and welfare system which as given them a feeling of organism socially isolated and oppressed. The second perspective that I am going to apply to this report is empowerment, this gives the service user greater suppress of the services that they live, creation involved in the planning of services and developing replete(p) practice. (Barnes and Bowl, 2001) DiscussionIn the case study that this report is based upon Gary has been in a serious car accident that has deprived him of the use of his legs and this now means that he can on ly get around with the use of a wheelchair. This situation has had a knock on effect of him remove a minuscule sense of self-worth and a lack of pride in his situation, he suffers from depression and is taking medication for this. Radar (the disability network) and Depression Alliance commissioned a report (http//www. depressionalliance. org/PDF/depression-disability-and-employment-report. df) that looked into depression as a disability and how we can improve the way we look at depression and the changes we can settle to help reduce job, long term economic inactivity and isolation. Of the 566 people who answered 95% were living with depression and a quarter (148) people had a long term physical health condition. 77% of the people report that they had not received any support with employment. Gary is living with a character reference of disability which is hard, most disabled people are not depressed and do not stay depressed.The prevalence of depression among disabled adults i s in two ways that of healthy aged adults (Beekman AT, 2002), the relationship between depression and disability is a two way street with depression there being a link between physical disabilities and depressive symptoms in older adults (Gill TM,Kurland B 2003). in that location is clear evidence that Gary has on the onset of depression that can be linked to the impact of the loss of his legs in his car accident and with him now socially isolated and without employment these claim now added to the problems over a period of time.In a report by Tania Burchardt called Enduring economic elimination change people,income and work the study found out that disabled people now make up a large and growing proportion of people who are of working age, it now stands between 12 and 16% (Enduring economic exclusion Page. 4) One telling statistic is the problems that disabled people have getting work, and that one third of those disabled people who find employment are out of work formerly ag ain the following year.In the report by Tania Burchardt the income statistics limn that half of all disabled people have incomes below the normal population indicator of poverty after it was factored in to the highest degree the additive cost that disabled people incur due to their health. Gary wants to gain access to retraining so he can move towards gaining employment once again after he aims qualified in the sector that he wishes, to do this he is going to need some extra help from the local Conway Council to get to his goals.Conway Adult Social Services have a number of options that they promote that may be of assistance to Gary, they already give him care to help him get bathed and his daughter and son-in-law take up the care duties in the morning. Conwy can provide Homecare that can help with a drift of things such as help getting up, getting dressed, preparing meals, doing laundry and shop where appropriate (http//www. conwy. gov. uk/upload/ everyday/attachments/466/Mic rosoft_Word__CCO_Leaflet_eng. df) . Gary would need to be assessed as to the take aim of care that he would be entitled to also considered as to the misfortune of equipment or adaptions that could be made to the home to help him live more independently and safely in his home. Though Gary is set on this course of action his daughter and son-in-law have reservations about his age and the get along of care that she could give her father due to her own family commitments.His daughters view point about his age and the fact that any new employer might demand to much from him is really being based on his disability and not altogether based on is age (K217, Book 2). There should be no denial of opportunities or restriction of choice based on assumptions that are made due to his disability. Through the social model disability is understand as an unequal relationship within society and there can be no barriers preventing people from gaining equal access to information, education and empl oyment.There are options that perhaps he has not considered and with him feeling socially isolated due to living alone and his lack of interlocutor with the immaterial world. Conwy Council Adult Social Services promotes day care or opportunities to rival other people and take part in outings and other activities so Gary would be able to haver a much more active life that would could help with the depression he is suffering. (http//www. conwy. gov. uk/upload/public/attachments/466/Microsoft_Word__CCO_Leaflet_eng. pdf) The principles of good practice (http//www. nderstandingindividualneeds. com/page. php? identity=principles) realm that you have to give Gary a choice about the way in which he wishes to move forward and also take into consideration his emotional needs. Social development is about gaining relationships with a variety of people and taking part in an ordinary life and currently Gary is unable to run these basic rights. Gregory Beattie talks about how a depressed ind ividual has a lack of socialization and social support groups (Beattie, Gregory,S. 2005) Social Causes of Depression) and Gary has a absentminded in both these things as he is unable to access them. If Gary was to obtain the extra help that he is going to need to obtain the goals that he has set himself a consultation with both himself and his family is going to be necessary as to ascertain as to realistic goals that can be set. There would be a negative impact on Gary should he set himself unobtainable goals that he then fails to obtain, this would be damaging to the situation.Statistics show that disabled people have a lower overall level of qualifications when compared to that of able bodied people (Employment of disabled people DoEE) 38% of disabled people have no qualifications compared to only 16% of non-disabled people. The report also cerebrate that of the 2,015 disabled people that were spoken to (26,000 households in total) 64% strongly concur and 29% agreed that getti ng a job was important to them so the statistics show that it is important for disabled people to be in employment. 47% of the economically inactive disabled people who see themselves as being able to work would like a paid job.When talking about Garys visions of eventually going back into work his daughter has reservations incase he is taken advantage of by his employer and in the report one in six people (16%) who are economically active stated that they have experienced unfair treatment or discrimination in the work place. When looking at the overall statistics you can see that 42% report that that they have been discriminated by a potential employer and 41% by an employer, these figures speak volumes and during any assessment they will need to be presented to Gary so that he can see the real picture in the job market for disabled people.The option of lead Payments is one that should be explored with Gary and when he is assessed for the amount of care that he needs the options should be discussed at length, direct payments have both good and bad points and do not fit everyone. As direct payments will mean Gary being responsible for a number of things it also might be advantageous to also consult with his daughter and son-in-law to see if they would be interested in perhaps helping Gary should he need it.Radar the disability network have produced a fact piece of paper that the family may find useful (http//www. radar. org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/6_directpayments. pdf) , the fact sheet points out how Gary would become and employer and all the responsibility that comes as well as all the paper work he will be required to keep. He will need to consider if he wishes to have the work load of screen out out all the pay, dismissal, redundancy just to name a hardly a(prenominal) of the obligations that he would have to pair as an employer to a personal assistant.The other option open to Gary is to place the care that he requires in the hold of an agen cy or self employed to take the burden of work away from himself and organise his care around his specific needs. Bringing Gary into the union of this assessment into his care will empower him to participate (K217 Book 3) Jones and Meleis chance on the concept of empowerment as a social process of recognizing, promoting, and enhancing peoples abilities to meet their own needs,solve their own problems, and mobilize necessary resources to take control of their own lives (Jones PS, Meleis 1993).The empowering of Gary will start a process of helping him assert greater control over the factors that affect his health, in the past it was assumed that service users were supposed to be compliant with the directives that were in place from the health care trafficals-the biomedical model. In the empowerment model there is a contact between Gary and the provider who take a joint responsibility in terms of agreed upon outcomes, people within the health care profession are obliged to respect G ary and assist him in making decisions.Multiple studies have shown that people that are more involved with the decisions about the care that they receive and also the management of the conditions that they live have better outcomes than those who are not involved in the process (Wagner EH,Glasgow RE,Davis C, 2001) (Greenfield S, Kaplan SH,Ware JE Jr, 1988). Conclusions and Recommendations In this report we have been looking at the situation that Gary is currently experiencing, he is a disabled person who lost the use of his legs in a car accident some years ago and lives alone now after a divorce.He is looking at the supposition of getting some higher education and hopes to move into employment in the information technology sector, it has already been stated that daughter and son-in-law have reservations about this course of action due doubts about the ex-work colleague of Garys that is offering him employment and the problems that this will present to her care giving situation.The report has looked at the links between depression, disability and joblessness and we have shown that there are links between these elements that are making Garys life move difficult but also you must take into consideration that fact that Gary is very socially isolated. The report then looked at the option of direct payments and how Garys care could be changed so he will have more control and power over his care and become the central focal point so he can move towards a more independent life and obtaining the goals that he is setting for himself.The report looked at all the pros and cons on the direct payment system and all the extra paperwork and responsibility that comes with employing psyche and how records must be kept and these funds are public notes have to be accounted for. My recommendations are the following, Gary should have his care plan reassessed by Conwy County council Adult social services with the remit of looking at the possibility of changing the level of care that Gary currently is getting and exploring the possibility of Direct Payments as an option.There should also be consultation with his daughter and son-in-law (with the relevant permissions) and have them present to discuss any and all options. Please present all options to Gary as regard to becoming a greater part of the community and providing information on the day care that you and provide and any opportunities to meet other people and take part in outings and other activities that your local authority provides to people within the county.A list of approved providers in the local area should be presented to Gary and also discuss the various support networks that you have for carers and also the options of homecare that you provide including help with getting up,getting dressed, preparing meals and shopping etc. Gary may need the help from the benefits advice centre as regard to making real he is getting all that he is entitled to and though outside your remit perhaps access to DLA to help with transportation needs. 2789 References http//www. ork. ac. uk/inst/spru/pubs/pdf/newvision. pdf accessed 31/05/2012 The able University (2010) K217 Adult health,social care and wellbeing, Book 2, Milton Keynes, The Open University Goffman, E. (1968) Stigma Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Harmondsworth, Penguin The Open University (2010) K217 Adult health,social care and wellbeing, Book 2, Milton Keynes, The Open University Barnes, M. and Bowl, R. (2001) Taking over the Asylum Empowerment and Mental Health, Basingstoke, Palgrave.Meager N,Bates P,Dench S,Honey S,Williams M,(1998) Employment of handicapped PeopleAssessing the Extent of Participation, Research report RR69, surgical incision of Education and Employment. http//www. depressionalliance. org/PDF/depression-disability-and-employment-report. pdf accessed 31/05/2012 Beekman AT, Penninx DJ,Deeg DJ, de Beurs E, Geerling SW, van Tilburg W (2002) The Impact of depression on the well-being,disability a nd use of service in older adult a longitudinal perspective, 10520-27 Department of Psychiatry, Vrije University Amsterdam.Gill TM,Kurland B (2003) The burden of patterns of disability in activities of daily living among the community-living older persons, 5870-75, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine,New Haven, Connecticut. http//www. jrf. org. uk/sites/files/jrf/1859353274. pdf (Enduring economic exclusion) accessed 01/06/2012 http//www. conwy. gov. uk/upload/public/attachments/466/Microsoft_Word__CCO_Leaflet_eng. pdf accessed 01/06/2012 http//www. understandingindividualneeds. com/page. php? identity=principles accessed 02/06/2012

Drama Soap Opera Essay

Our soap opera is called Selby Walk, named after a nearlyby park situated near the street where our soap is filmed. Its set in a urban center suburb. The first guesswork of the soap contains three characters. Their names are Dave Hudson who assumes the portion of a hack-driver driver, Mark Hayes who is a family businessman and dress Kallis- a shady drug dealer operating in the area. The cabby driver, Dave, is modelled as a chatty person in his early 40s. At times, hes also the street gossip. Hes a pretty likeable personality.Mark Hayes is a businessman in his late 30s. Although he occupies the spotlight longer than his delightful share, he is a family man and laden with responsibilities, so he keeps himself to himself. accost Kallis is renowned as the town villain. He usually dresses in nigrify and always spiteful of many people. At 25, he is also detested by the community that he is a part of. he scene begins in Daves taxi. He is driving Mark to an area where deplumate Kallis dealings are rife. The camera is continuously jumping from full stoping the reply of one actor to the other.Before the dialogue starts, the camera swivels from see to iting at the road to the driver. This starts the scene off. However, the scene does not begin from when the journey begins. We catch it in the middle. Mark closes the door and begins to walk up the road. Before locomotion up to a house footpath, he takes a quick look around. The camera also does this as if it was filming through his eyes. Mark walks up the footpath and up to a door. He rings the doorbell, but zilch answers. However, he finds the door unlocked and walks in. Dave watches this carefully, with a suspecting look on his face.

Race, Gender and Ethnicity Problems in Education Essay

tuition has faced race, gender and ethnic problems for many years. This continuous problem in all most likelihood will non be solved. educational issues involving race, gender, and ethnimetropolis of all trails will always cause controversy in fiat as long as at that place is prejudice and hatred.Education should non look at ones race. We are who we are because that is the way that God think us to be. Many ghastlys are prejudice and have hatred in their hearts for liaisons that happen in the past that this generation has no secure over. I believe that we all are equal and should be case-hardened equal in every aspect. Every race has a reform to the best educational opportunity available.Admittance in to a Univer tantalizey should not be based on race it should be based on the highest academic grade averages. Blacks, whites, Hispanics, and any other race should have the aforementioned(prenominal) opportunities. In my opinion if some, one of a certain race should not cook priority over academic standings.However, on the other bowl over many black are very lazy and want to sit back and wait for the white society to give them every thing on a silver platter. Please do not take this comment in the wrong way, I am not a prejudice person, several of my best friends are black. In my opinion, this is why there is such a social and economical break down in the black society. Blacks have the same social and economical opportunities as whites or any other race or gender it is just a matter of wanting to take advantage of opportunities and being willing to servicing their self.I totally disagree with the fact that students that come from an inner city school get the worse education. My shaverren go to an inner city school and they are very much up to state standards for their grade level. In fact, Social Circle scored in the ninety percentile for the 2002 state starting time test. Social Circle City School is sixty-five percent black population.In conclusi on, race, gender and ethic background should not make a going away in the type or quality of education that a child receives. All should be treated equal. If a black child earns a placement over a white child thence give them the placement. The same if the roles where switched. We need to stop making a difference in race, gender, and the ethnicity of students and treat them all equal according to their ability.

Cesare Lombroso

Cesare Lombroso was the founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology. He rejected the ceremonious Classical School, which held that crime was a characteristic trait of compassionate record and that rational choices were the foundation of behavior. Lombroso, using a scientific approach and concepts skeletal from physiognomy, early eugenics, psychiatry, and Social Darwinism, argued that wrong was inherited, and that the born(p) criminal could be set by personal defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic. While his particular investing characteristics are no longer considered valid, the idea of factors that dispose certain individuals to commit crime continues to be foundational to head for the hills in criminology. together with his emphasis on the scientific method, this revolutionary approach has earned Lombroso the form of address father of scientific criminology He was posterior forced to considerably misrepresent his views after extensive study of the phenomenon of Eusapia Palladino, a famous spiritualist. He subsequently wrote, I am ashamed and grieved at having opposed with so often tenacity the possibility of the so-called spiritistic facts.Cesare Lombroso was famous in the nineteenth one C beca intake he claimed to submit discovered the cause of crime and wrote books. In these books, Lombroso claimed that anatomical investigations of the post mortem bodies of criminals revealed that they were sensiblely different from normal people. He maintained that criminals have stigmata (signs), and that these stigmata consist of anomalous dimensions of the skull and jaw. Lombroso even claimed that different criminals have different physical characteristics which he could discern.In time, and under the influence of his son-in-law, Guglielmo Ferrero, Lombroso included the view that social factors were alike involved in the causation of crime and that all criminality is not inborn. Born criminals were thus viewed by in his earliest writings as a form of human sub-species. In his later writings, however, he began to deal them less as evolutionary throwbacks and more in terms of arrested exploitation and degeneracy. He popularized the notion of a born criminal through biological determinism criminals have particular physiognomic attributes or deformities.Physiognomy attempts to estimate character and personality traits from physical features of the face or the body. In Lombrosos view, whereas most individuals evolve, the violent criminal had devolved, and so constituted a societal or evolutionary regression. He grueling on a purported scientific methodology in order to identify criminal behavior and isolate individuals capable of the most violent types of crime. He advocated the study of individuals using measurements and statistical methods in compiling anthropological, social, and economic data.With back-to-back research and more thorough statistical analysis, he modified his theories. He co ntinued to define atavistic stigmata, and in addition, he identified cardinal other types of criminal the insane criminal, and the criminaloid. Although insane criminals bore some stigmata, they were not born criminals rather they became criminal as a result of an rescript of the brain, which entirely upsets their moral nature. Among the ranks of insane criminals were kleptomaniacs and child molesters.Criminaloids had none of the physical peculiarities of the born or insane criminal and became involved in crime later in breeding, and tended to commit less serious crimes. Criminaloids were further categorized as habitual criminals, who became so by contact with other criminals, the abuse of alcohol, or other distressing circumstances. He was also an advocate for humane discourse of criminals, arguing for the removal of atavistic, born criminals from high society for their own and societys protection, for rehabilitation for those not born criminal, and against capital punishm ent.His work was always hampered by his Social Darwinist assumptions. In particular, he held the pre-genetic conception of evolution as progress from lower life forms to higher life forms together with an assumption that the more advanced human traits would dispose their owners to living peacefully within a hierarchical, urbanized society far different from the conditions under which human beings evolved. In attempting to predict criminality by the shapes of the skulls and other physical features of criminals, he had in effect created a new pseudoscience of forensic phrenology.While he was a pioneer of scientific criminology, and his work was one of the bases of the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century, his work is no longer considered as providing an adequate foundation for contemporary criminology. However, psychiatry and abnormal psychology have retained his idea of locating crime completely within the individual and utterly divorced from the surrounding social condit ions and structures. Lombroso veritable the concept of the atavistic, or born, criminal, based on anthropometric measurements.Although the scientific severeness of the concept has been questioned by other criminologists, Lombroso is still credited with turning direction from the legalistic study of crime to the scientific study of the criminal. This new scientific criminology treasured the experimental method based on empirically discovered facts and their examination. The companionship gained was to be achieved carefully, over time, through systematic observation and scientific analysis. In his later work, He was noted for advocating humane treatment of criminals and limitations on the use of the death penalty.

Cell Biology Final Review

Chapter 15 Signal Transduction 1) Endocrine, paracrine , autocrine call forise, and cell-cell contact (Fig. 15-2). Endocrine signaling is eagle-eyed distance signaling. An mannequin would be pancreatic cells secreting insulin. Paracrine signaling is for close proximity. An example would be a nerve cell releasing neurotransmitters. In autocrine signaling the cell that produces the ligand also contains the receptor for that ligand. This is how cancer cells work. In signaling by plasma membrane attached proteins, the target cell does something in receipt to direct contact from the signaling cell. ) List examples of 1) steroid hormones and 2) amino covering breaker derivatives that act as ligands. What be the catecholamines, and which amino acid ar they derived from? steroid hormones moor cytosolic receptors. They include cortisol, progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine and retinoic acid. Steroid receptor complexes increase or decrease the transcription rates of cert ain genes. Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin and histamine argon ligands that atomic number 18 derived from amino acids. Catecholamines are ligands derived from the amino acid tyrosine. 3) Whats an agonist?Whats an obstructor? A doctor prescribes isoproterenol to his patient why? Why not epinephrine? Another patient receives alprenolol why? (See page 629 and Fig. 15-5). Agonist= structural analog, opposer=inhibitor. Isoproterenol has lower Kd ( exalteder affinity) than epinephrine, and will inc. smooth heart vigor contraction. Alprenol is an antagonist (beta blocker) and slows heart contractions 4) What are the five kinds of second messengers we draw in lecture. (Fig. 15-9 shows only four) camping, cGMP, DAG, IP3 and Ca2+ 5) What are GTP- compeling (switch) proteins?When are they on? When are they tally? (Fig 15-8). GEFs help annul them on. GAPs help turn them off. Are on when bind GTP, and off when bind GDP. Ex Ras, Ran, trimeric G proteins 6) What are kin ases versus phosphatases? Kinases phosphory late, Phosphatases dephosphorylate 7) What are the briny features of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR, Figs. 15-10, 15-12, and 15-13)? What is epinephrine and what kinds of receptors does it bind on what cells to figure of speech what responses? GPCRs= seven-pass receptors with amino terminus outside cell and carboxy terminus inside cell. epinephrin fired when glucose needed quickly (inc. animal starcholysis and lipolysis) binds to GPCR receptor , which activates a G protein (switch protein), which activates an effecter protein (adenylyl cyclase) producing d head NOTE bivouacking does not involve RTK (tyrosine), simply uses Ser/Thr kinases PDE degrades cAMP 8) come upon the terce G proteins ? , ? , and ?. Which one binds GTP/GDP (hint for read/write head 6 above). G? binds GDP, is tethered to national leaflet of plasma membrane, nevertheless dissociates from ? and ? to activate effector protein (adenylyl cyclase). G? and G? n ever separatedAre tethered to inner leaflet and work as a unit. 9) Describe FRET (Fig. 15-14). 10) What is adenylyl cyclase? Figs 15-21 and 15-22. What does it do? How is adenylyl cyclase positively and negatively controlled? Positive epinephrine binds ? adrenergic receptors to activate Gs, actvating adenylyl cyclase ostracise PGE binds to ? adrenergic receptors to activate Gi which accordingly inhibits adenylyl cyclase. 11) The complete Fight or Flight road map. YIKES What happens when cAMP rises? What happens when cAMP drops? 12) T/F secondly messengers are long-lived in their signaling effectiveness?How is cAMP vitiated? PDE 13) What is cAMP-dependent protein kinase and how does it work? (Figs. 15-23 and 16-31) Do not involve tyrosine kinases (RTK), that use Ser/Thr kinases (binding of cAMP releases catalytic sites) 14) What do we mean by amplification in signal transduction? Fig. 15-26. So many steps involved in signal transduction b/c youre amplifying signal at every step unbendable response 15) PIP2, DAG, IP3, and the release of Calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. (Fig. 15-30). Each PI kinase phosphorylates inositol ring PI PIP PIP2, and cleavage of PIP2 by Phospholipase C yields DAG and IP3.Phospholipase C is activated by a hormone binding to GPCRs and activation of G proteins. IP3 releases Ca2+ back into cytosol to transduce a signal (Ca2+ binds to PKC which binds to DAG phosphorylates substrates). Ca2+ pumps normally pump Ca2+ (from cytosol) into ER or out to exterior yet IP3 causes ion channels to untied and release Ca2+ into cytosol. at one time Ca2+ released, it positively feeds back on channels to allow to a greater extent than Ca2+ to flow out. But once Ca2+ becomes depleted from ER and at high conc. in cytosol, it inhibits channels. ALSO once Ca2+ rises in cytosol, acts as a second messenger to trigger insulin release 6) Calmodulin. Activated by binding of 4 Ca2+ molecules, it then activates PDE (to degrade cAMP), animal starch ph osphorylase kinase GPK (to break down glucose, activates this path without cAMP ), other protein kinases, and Nitric Oxide (NO) synthase (involved in acetylcholine relaxation of smooth muscle in conjunction with cGMP) 17) How are blood vessels dilated by acetylcholine (Fig. 15-31)? BTW, what does Viagra do? Acetylcholine binds acetylcholine GPCR, which activates phospholipase C, which makes IP3, which binds to Ca2+ (leading it to inc. n cytosol), and Ca2+ binds calmodulin, which activates NO synthase that produces NO. The NO is then released by paracrine signaling into muscle cells and binds NO receptor that converts GTP to cGMP, which activates protein kinase G relaxation of muscle cell and by endocrine signaling causes blood vessel dilation. VIAGRA blocks degradation of cGMP by PDE (may cause blindness b/c rod cells kept fan out by cGMP) 18) Beta arrestin in receptor desensitization. If receptor constantly candid to epinephrine, may itself become phosphorylated by PKAblocking t ransducing signal, downregulating ALL GPCRs.Once ? -adrenergic receptor is phosphorylated by BARK (? -adrenergic receptor kinase) ? -arrestin binds the receptor to block its activation of Gs, as well as promotes formation of *clathrin-coated vesicles for endocytosis of the butt on receptor (to deplete surface receptors) CHAPTER 16 Signal Transduction and Gene Expression 1) List some(prenominal) ligands that bind to sense organ Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). * Nerve ontogenesis factor (NGF), home platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and moreList some(prenominal) kinds of general responses that could occur. What characteristics are different between RTKs and GPCRs (i. e. their protein structure and function)? * RTK= receptor tyrosine kinases halte components extracellular ligand-binding site, a single hydrophobic trans-membrane ? helix, and a cytosolic catalytic domain. Ligand binding causes a conformational cha nge that promotes formation of a functional dimeric receptor, bringing unneurotic cardinal poorly active kinases that then phosphorylate each other on a tyrosine resi due in the activation lip.Phosphorylation causes the lip to move out of the catalytic site, thus allowing ATP or a protein substrate to bind. The activated kinase then phosphorylates other tyrosine residues in the receptors cytosolic domain. The resulting phophotyrosines function as go in sites for various signal-transduction proteins. * GPCR= G-protein coupled receptors. Binding of ligand triggers the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G? subunit and dissociation of G? GTP from the G complex, and G? subunit transduces the signal, but in yeast pheromone receptors its the G complex. G unctions by triggering a kinase cascade (similar to the one for Ras). Its proteins are involved in mating-specific cellular responses. 2) What are adaptor proteins? Specifically what are SH2, SH3, and PTB domains and how do they work. (Figs . 16-19, 16-20) No intrinsic enzyme body process have docking sites for other effector proteins, such as SH2, SH3, or PTB domain (Phospho-Tyrosine Binding). These docking proteins pass the signal onto Ras. 3) Growth FactorRTKGRB2SOSRasRafMEKMAPdifferential gene aspect for cell division or specific cell type differentiation.What happens at each step? (Figs. 16-21, 16-22, 16-25, 16-27). Why so many steps (see question 16 in the previous section)? Sev gene regulates R7 development and in mutants R7 is abstracted cell differentiates into a cone instead and flies now cranky to UV light. The Sev gene product is RTK and Boss (in R8 cells) is the ligand for this RTK. Once Boss binds/activates Sev RTK it causes GRB2 (with SH subunits) to bind receptor, leading to relocation of SOS (the GEF for Ras) from the cytosol to the membrane where Ras-GDP resides and it activates it ) Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 tri-phosphate and Protein Kinase B (Fig. 16-29 and 16-30). PI-3,4,5-triphosphate ( make by phosphorylation of PIP2 at 3 OH by PI-3 Kinase) is docking site for Protein Kinase B. PKB bound to PI 3,4,5-triphosphate and PDK1 (also bound to PI 3,4,5triphosphate) dif primer coat into membrane and PDK1 phosphorylates/activates PKB Ras-independent insulin signaling 5) Insulin versus glucagon. (Slide from lecture shows a delay comparing and contrasting the two ligands and their effects on serum glucose. ) Insulin synthesized in ? ells and when theres high blood glucose activate GLUT4 (glucose transporter) and inc activity of glycogen synthase removal of glucose from blood and its storage as glycogen. Glucagon reacts to a decrease in blood glucose, stimulating release of glucagon, activating adenylyl cyclase, activating glycogen phosphorylase and inhibiting glycogen synthase degradation of glycogen and release of glucose into blood. Chapter 20 The Cell Cycle 1) Who were the three Nobel Prize winners in Physiology and Medicine for 2001? * Leland Hartwell * Tim Hunt * Paul Nurse ) polish up the gross morphological events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. * Prophase * Chromosomes condense to the 30nm solenoid fiber * Chromatids remain attached at the centromeres and the spindle forms * The atomic gasbag disassembles in most eukaryotic cells (called ease up mitosis). Yeasts and other fungi have a closed mitosis * ER and Golgi turn into vesicles * Metaphase Condensed chromosomes align in a straight line that is referred to as the metaphase plate * Anaphase * Sister chromatids separate from each other The spindle is critical for chromatid endeavor to opposite poles * Molecular motors generate force and movement * Telophase * Beginning of the future(a) interphase * Chromosomes stupefy to decondense * The nuclear envelop and the nucleolus begin to reassemble * Cytokinesis * cytoplasm discriminates * Golgi and ER reform from vesicle fusion 3) Figure 20-2 is a practised summary. 4) Three major classes of Cdk/cyclin complexes Where they work in the cell speech rhythm, and what do they do. What are the three critical steps in the cell regular recurrence? * G1 cyclin-CDKs convey when growth factors (EGF, PDGF, NGF, etc) signal the cells to divide * Phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein in mammal cells * S-phase cyclin-CDKs * Form during G1, but are held silent by an inhibitor * The inhibitor is destroyed by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Then, the cell progresses into S-phase * Mitotic cyclin-CDKs * too called MPF ( festering/mitosis promoting factor) * Form in S-phase and G2, but are held silent until late G2 * Once activated, mitotic Cdk-complexes initiate mitosis * Chromosome condensation Nuclear envelope disassembles and the spindle forms * Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate * ER and Golgi turn into vesicles * Partially activates anaphase promoting complex (APC) 5) Classic experiments * What happens when you fuse a G1 cell to a M-phase cell? Fig. 20-3 * Interphase cells advance prematuring into M-phas e * Now we bonk that the diffusible regulators are the mitotic Cdk-complexes (MPF) * What happens when you fuse a G1 cell to a S-phase cell? * G1 nuclei begin to replicate their deoxyribonucleic acid prematurely Used 3H-thymidine incorporation and autoradiography to visualize deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis * Now know that diffusible S-phase Cdk-complexes activated the pre- repercussion complexes on deoxyribonucleic acid origins of replication in the G1 nuclei * What happens when you fuse a G2 cell to a S-phase cell? * Re-replication of G2 deoxyribonucleic acid does not occur * Once DNA is replicated, it cannot be re-replicated in that analogous cycle * Whats the diffusible regulator in the first experiment? MPF 6) What two species of yeast were used to decipher the genetics of the cell ycle? Whats a closed mitosis versus and open mitosis? * Budding and fission yeast * In open mitosis, the nuclear envelope disassembles during mitosis. In closed mitosis, the nuclear envelop doe s not disassemble. 7) What is cloning by complementation? (Fig. 20-4). This is the same as functional complementation. * Many cdc mutations identified are temperature sensitive * Grow and divide at permissive temperatures * Fail to divide at non-permissive temperatures * We can select cDNAs by functional complementation ) What is MPF (what two proteins make up MPF) and where did its name come from (i. e. what organism and cell type)? (Figs. 20-5 and 20-6) * MPF is the maturation promoting factor. It is comprised of Cdk1-Cyclin B * The name came from studying frog oocyte maturation in vitro 9) The piece of land to MPF conclusion What is Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)? What activates APC? What does APC then do and how does it do it? Fig. 20-10 * MPF is a kinase that phosphorylates many different substrates to initiate mitotic events * To exit mitosis, MPF must be destroyed Destruction of MPF depends on the destruction of Cyclin B * Destruction of Cyclin B is via the ubiquitin path way * Ubiquitin is covalently linked to lysines behind the destruction box * Cyclin B without the destruction box will not be destroyed * APC destroys MPF, but APC was actually activated earlier at anaphase by MPF 10) You have to know Fig. 20-13 and 20-14 11) Molecular events at the onset of mitosis a) Nuclear envelope dismantlement what are the lamin proteins, how do they disassemble, and where do they go when they disassemble? (Figs. 0-16, 20-17) * The nuclear lamina supports the nuclear envelope. It is found on the underside of the inner envelope membrane. * The nuclear lamina is made of three lamin proteins A, B and C * All three lamin protein form coiled-coil dimers * both dimers form a tetramer with head-to-head or tail-to-tail orientations * MPF phosphorylation of Ser residues causes disassembly * A and C diffuse into the cytoplasm. B remains bound to the membranes that form vesicles during mitosis b) Condensation of chromatin granule what are the SMC protein (condensins)? * SMC proteins in yeast Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) * Large proteins that form coiled-coils * ATPase activity in their C-terminus * Function in the normal segregation of chromatids * SMC proteins in frogs * Part of a complex called condensin that becomes phosphorylated at the onset of mitosis * Condensins bind DNA and wind it into supercoils with ATP hydrolysis * Several condensins bind along the lenth of the chromosomes to form coiled-coils to cluster the DNA c) Spindle assembly due to MPF phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins d) ER and Golgi vesiculation due to direct MPF phosphorylationWhat are the cohesins what do they do and what regulates their activity? How does APC extend a role in this regulation? (Fig. 20-21, 20-22) * Cohesins hold sister chromatids together * Separation of chromatids is not dependent on MPF destruction * Cohesin function is regulate by an anaphase inhibitor called securing. This inhibitor is a target for APC ubiquitination 12) Yeast cell cycle (Figs. 20-29 and 20-28) * Sic1 is the S-phase inhibitor destroyed by ubiquitination * E3 for the ubiquitination is cdc34 * The ubiquitination complex is called SCF Once Sic1 is destroyed, Cdc28/Clb5 + 6 phosphorylate substrates to initiate DNA replication * G1 cyclin-Cdc28 phosphorylated Sic1, enabling its recognition and ubiquitination by Cdc34 and SCF * Cln1 and Cln2 arise early on in the cell * Cdc28 is only in yeast * Clb5 and Clb6 arise late in G1. They are called S-phae cyclins. They are rapidly turned on by the destruction of Sic1 13) Why chromosomes replicate only once per cell cycle (Fig. 20-30) * Protein degradation makes cell cycle progression move forward, not upset * Sic1 is destroyed at G1 to S-phase renewing Anaphase inhibitory (securing) is destroyed at the metaphase to anaphase transition * Cyclin B is destroyed at the mitosis to G1 transition 14) Early and late mammalian response genes. 15) mammalian cell cycle (Fig. 20-32) * Growth factor h ormones are called mitogens * The absence of mitogens cases cells to arrest in G1 or G0 * If mitogens are added, cells advance sometime(prenominal) the restriction point and are committed to S-phase and mitosis * Mammalian cells have several Cdks * Cdk 1, 2, 4, and 6 are used for the cell cycle * Cdk 1 complements Cdc2 * Mammalian cells also have multiple cyclins D, E, A and B 6) D and E cyclins and their function, the Rb and E2F proteins (Figs. 20-33) * D type cyclins come from proto-oncogenes * Cyclin E is the principle imposter getting the cell past the restriction point * Cyclin D-Cdk4 or 6 is activated first and then Cyclin E-Cdk2 * Once CyclinD-Cdk4/6 is activated in phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein (Rb) which releases E2F * E2F now acts as a transcription activator. Cyclin E-Cdk2 then phosphorylated even more Rb/E2F via positive feedback loop 17) Overview of mammalian check points, p53 (Figs. 20-34 and 20-35)

Newspaper Industry

Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Eco n acey Series, furnish 3/2012 THE DISTRIBUTION intercommunicate DEVELOPEMENT IN PRINT MEDIA Assoc. Lect. Loredana Iordache Ph. D University of Craiova emailprotected fr Lect. Radu Criveanu Ph. D University of Craiova emailprotected com Assoc. Prof. Cernaianu Nicolae Ph. D Titu Maiorescu University, capital of Romania emailprotected com Abstract In this article, we identify the characteristics of the dispersion net utilizations in bring out media and the features of merchandising in mass media, emphasising the attempts initiated by the water clo garment in the context of the fiscal crisis.The look for was conducted through a case study on regional radicalspaper,, Gazeta de Sud The master(prenominal) problems analyzed were decreasing composition circulation and publicise. The research taken into nib trim backs and developments worldwide bell ringer media as tumefy as bell ringer media snap officularities of Romania, with a focus on identifying occurrenceors that contri furthered to the closure of a signifi only ift jointt material body of intelligence agency paper, or their transition from tar runed variance online miscellaneaat.The paper is mainly focused on nearly practical issues tie in to the way of organizing the issue media sales networks, the authors elaborating proposals for the implementation of definite measures to ontogeny the circulation, on the unmatched hand, and on the hand, to development the sale of ad lacuna in the tidings grade. Comp ard with opposite(a)(a) products, the wordpaper has unique characteristics caused by effort little changing guinea pig, and therefore the product itself. Having a highly perishable, the matter of media products should invariably seen in relation to time, which requires more than than rapid dispersal and continuous production.Key haggle diffusion networks, advertise, food grocerying strategies, print media JEL Code L11,L22,M37 Introduction The way in which the economic crisis has influenced the diffusion policies differs from unrivaled phoner to an other(a)wise and from one body process domain to a nonher. In monastic coiffe to understand the application procedure of the dissemination policy at the level of the media institutions, it is necessary to clarify the marrow of the media products and of the detail elements that favors or limit the application of marketing c at a timepts, methods and proficiencys. One of the main characteristics f the media marketing network is the fact that it gene pass judgment cabbage, non just now by an increase in the material body of change intelligence service papers, but likewise by an increase in the quash of occupyers, which determines a growth in the youthfulspaper blank space s one-time(a) for publicize. Fixing the beget bying monetary measure of ad space depends on several criteria mainly related to audience size and its socio-economic profile. Advertising buyers range in bare-assed-sprung(prenominal)sprint ad space in terms of achieving a certain number of users or buyers (Bertand, 2001). Type of dissemination networks is different from one democracy to a nonher depending on a number of features.Thus in France and Italy run is bought mainly from newsstands, in Sweden is generalized publishers home give backy while in U. S. besides newspapers home deli truly argon mainly used newspapers vendition machines. The study analyzes the current fact of media products market with special emphasis on the print media in Romania and proposes a series of measures for development and improvement of distribution networks. The importance pass aroundn to this exertion consists in the need for information on the paper available to the immortalizeers. 1.Current trends in print media The economic crisis caused a effective decline in the print media circulation, contributing to a great bound to the di ssolution of many important papers, a part of which great deal only be tack unneurotic online. The print media industry take ons itself in a unfavourable moment. In the give out few years, the media institutions find tried to develop online products and to find new income sources to provide for the transition from the printed paper to the digital one. Although the admission fee to the net is continuously growing, the value of the tax r level(p)ues generated by the cyberspace newspapers is still very low.According to the selective information presented on different specialized websites 11 in 2011, in the USA the r notwithstandingues from advert in the print media format were still in decline for the 6th year in a row. Thus, according to the study by Amy Mitchell and gobbler Rosentiel of The Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ) the losses generated in 2011 by ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 141 Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu , delivery Series, payoff 3/2012 the ad hang on the print paper were ten times higher(prenominal) than the revenues generated by the online ad 12.The situation is as critical in Europe as it is in Romania where a number of papers closed or remained only with their the online version. An depth psychology of the Romanian inspire situation shows that the advert revenues for the online newspapers ar low, despite having registered a sudden improvement lately 7. Thus, the central papers register a higher income than the topical anesthetic papers, which sop up insignificant revenues that do not furbish up for the revenues obtained from the print version of the newspaper, though more and more designateers amaze access to the Internet 6.As further about as the online market for the local events is concerned, we consider that the scheme adopted should be differently approached, because the local companies, as congregation clients for advertising, cod not been interested yet in online advertising. In addition to this, the built-in online version of the paper has an increase number of readers, but reduces the number of print version buyers and therefore decreases the revenues. It is probable that the general tendency of the media is to be published online.But, we should not forget that the online version is not accessible to important categories of the population, at least not yet to the rural population. From our point of view, the main reasons why the sale of advertising spaces in the online version of the newspaper did not return the estimated offsprings argon the avocation a) Firstly, the most important national papers, which impose the trend on the market, have a wrong marketing strategy, clefting the online content of the paper to the readers alleviate of charge.At the said(prenominal) time, there is no solution found to financi altogethery evaluate the new audience gained on the internet. In other words, by consciously moving the readers f rom the print version to the electronic/online version, the papers have lost(p) important sums of money. b) Secondly, the financial crisis has unyielding a work out prepargonment in advertising, which had subsequently an opposition on the entire print media in Romania. The important advertising clients have focused only on TV lately, by allocating their budgets to the TV stations as a media vehicle and completely eliminating the newspapers from the marketing mix. ) Thirdly, another reason for this situation is the fact that, once moved on the internet, the newspapers became direct competitors for the advertising budgets together allow the other websites. Before the technological r maturation brought about by the Internet, the papers were in competition with the other media (TV and radio stations etc. ) . Nowadays, the newspapers compete for the online budgets not only with the other media, but with the entire spectrum of websites, from Google to Facebook and Yahoo. ) other reason, as alludeed above, is the doubt of the faithful clients of the local advertising in the impact of the digital version of the paper. In Romania, the number of offspring have dramatically dropped, the audience rates have become half of the 2008 value and the editorial confidences have to forever take measures to reduce woos 5. The number of employees is continually decreasing, leading to a reduction in the number of quality articles that whitethorn be produced.Moreover, the reporters argon collected to produce more and to increase the content for all the platforms print, digital, mobile, but too to lift this content on the social networks. This fact led to a general dissatisfaction among the reporters. At the same time, the revenues from the paper change and from the advertising spaces in the print version have decreased, and values from the online revenues could not compensate for the difference. A major part of the paper circulation is obstinate by the distributio n appeals.The circulation of a newspaper represents the number of copies opend for a paper edition and it is formed of the papers sold by piece, with subscription, in promotions or for protocols etc. A new approach in the case of many regional newspapers is to concentrate on the most earningsable zones, thus reducing the cost. The marketing strategy is found on the faithfulness of the readers and not on approaching new markets. As opposed to other goods, the paper is a perishable product which is nimble replaced by another one.On account of this, the fail price is low in order to assure its accessibility, a quick sell and implicitly the market capableance for new products. However, the cost argon high and the profit cope is low under these circumstances. For the production of a newspaper, the producer needs a series of preferences, overmuch(prenominal) as raw material and equipment, qualified manpower and something specialised for the mass media institutions, videlic et information and cultural creation.Economic crisis determined higher costs for the raw material ( in particular for paper) and for specialised and wellqualified work hurtle The change price of the newspaper is set taking into conside ration the side by side(p) items the editing cost of the newspaper the printing cost of the newspaper the distribution cost of the newspaper the commissions paid to the media distribution companies, respectively the change workforce the percentage of the take for granted returned copies (the number of printed but not sold copies).Starting from the entropy presented above and targeting a certain profit, the sell price is set per piece/copy (the poke out price). Regarding the subscription price, alongside with the editing, printing and distribution prices of the newspaper, we have to take into account the commissions owed to the stockpile office and to the agents and distributors. Some research studies about the Western European solicit ma rket show that the investments necessary for launching a takings have a bun in the oven off in 3-4 years.In comparison with other exertion domains that assure their profit from the direct sale of the product, the twitch institutions cannot survive based on the sole(prenominal) paper merchandising activity. ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 142 Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, bulge out 3/2012 The revenues of the print media institutions atomic number 18 varied and unequal, depending on the type of paper and its impact on the market. The mass media market is a dual market of the mass-media products as far as the revenues registered in massmedia are concerned.The revenues come from two categories of buyers the media products buyers and the massmedia advertising buyers (Coman, 2007). The revenues of the press institutions are obtained from the following types of activities a). the retail or subscription selling b). the advert ising space selling for the clients who want to publish their let messages on the support offered by the press institutions c). the selling/renting of the access right on the newspapers websites (advertising on the online version of the newspaper) d). the amounts obtained from different sources as sponsorship.Each type of these revenues contribute more or less to the success of the associations activity and are tightly interconnected and reciprocally supporting. 2. Selling strategies in print press One source of revenue is provided by the newspaper selling, but the most important source, as we antecedently mentioned, is the advertising spaces sold. The advertising is divided in two categories the small ad, which take on small sized announcements narrowly targeted to different categories (job offers and demands, selling and buying material situates, vehicles or other products, service provisions, renting offers and demands, commemorations, deaths and condolences etc. ) whose pr ice is set according to the number of words, the font and the number of cursory publications requested. the display ad (the larger ad), which includes those medium or large sized announcements, and can include even a whole newspaper page and whose price is determined by the page position, by the display size, the number of editions, the number of influence used (black or multicoloured).Many of the large ad announcements are commissioned and talk terms by the advertising companies. The advertising advantages in the print media are determined by the fact that this type of media advertising is flexible both(prenominal) in dimension and in price, with opportunities for coloured advertising, smaller or large or with different inserts. So that the profits from advertising to be real numberly germane(predicate) for the company owners, it is first necessary to understand that, by move ining a bigger volume of advertising, regardless of its type, is correlated with the paper circula tion and audience.The individual persons, but particularly the big economic agents and advertising agencies are well aware of the fact that the advertising impact in the newspaper is in direct ration with the number of that papers readers and when they take the decision of publishing an ad, they analyse very carefully, by comparison, both the tariffs, and the circulation or the number of readers of the papers with the profile and the coverage sweep they need.BRAT (The Romanian Office of Circulation Audit) is the authority able to certify the circulation number for a newspaper or a publication for certain audited utmosts, and SNA (The National sense of hearing Study) is the authority which, on the basis of surveys, measures the audience number of a publication, that is the average out number of readers per edition of that publication (in general, a copy of a newspaper is read by 4-5 people) .Taking into consideration the facts mentioned above, it is obvious that a bigger selling volume, even when it does not directly generate profit, brings about higher revenues from advertising, which in their turn, bring considerable profit for the editor. Thus, the selling objectives of the company become passing important. In this study we used a comprehensive approach to take in different aspects of distribution networks in press. In order to achieve the determination we used as research method the case study of the biggest regional newspaper in the country. Data ollection was performed using as investigative tools interviews with distribution and advertising managers, direct observation and in like manner analysis of archival documents and data. The research decisions have resulted in measures aimed at developing sales networks in print but too to redress those in free fall cod to the economic crisis. According to BRAT studies newspaper Gazeta de Sud from Craiova is the most widely read regional newspaper in Romania, having over 100,000 readers / day and an an average circulation number of over 16. 000 copies 8. Gazeta de Sud is distributed in Dolj, Olt, Gorj, Mehedinti and Valcea counties.The newspaper covers every possible editorial domains specialised to a newspaper local news, social problems, sport events, health issues, education, culinary recipes, TV programmes and recommendations, investigations, economy, culture, events and celebrities life. Gazeta de Sud is a member of the Romanian Office of Circulation Audit. Gazeta de Sud consists of the editing calling card and the selling departments of the newspaper (the distribution department that deals with selling the newspaper by using newspaper sellers and the distribution news stands and the subscription selling department).The selling force of the company is supplemented by the advertising selling department which has the role to sell advertising space in the newspaper and in the online version of the paper. As market competitors for Gazeta de Sud in Oltenia we can mention other r egional papers, much(prenominal) as Editie Speciala or Cuvantul Libertatii. The average daily circulation song of these newspapers, of 3. 000 4. 000 copies ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 143Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 (circulation numbers not audited by BRAT ), are much inferior to the circulation numbers of Gazeta de Sud, despite having a selling price and a subscription price lower than the prices of Gazeta de Sud. Among its competitors, we should mention other regional weekly publications, much(prenominal) as Saptamana in Oltenia/The Week in Oltenia and Expresul de Sud/The Southern Express, but their circulation numbers do not exceed 2. 00 3. 000 copies. The content quality of Gazeta de Sud, the printing quality, the supplements offered and, last but not the least, the advantage of a very early distribution schema and a very well organised complaints firmness trunk greatly favour this newspaper in winning the competition with its local or regional, daily or weekly newspapers. As any other private company, this too aims at obtaining profit as a result of a superior value creation for consumers, satisfying better the consumers needs.Based on analysis of data from several local newspapers, it was observed that during this difficult flowing the press efforts are centred on sales and special offers are created to attract more and more clients for advertising. The circulation of a publication represent the number of sold copies distributed for an edition and is formed of the copies sold as retail, by subscription, promotions and protocols etc. persona of these copies which are not sold return to the company and represent daily financial loss.The distribution form of the Gazeta de Sud newspaper is presented in the figure below( fig. no. 1) Fig. no1. The circulation segments As observed in the figure above, the selling circuit of print media includes three main components, namely the retail selling and the subscription selling. a) The retail selling is divided in the retail selling by the press distribution companies the retail selling by the press distributors The retail selling by the press distribution companies is done at the news stands.The disadvantages of retail selling by the press distribution companies are especially determined by the selling presentation mode of the newspaper very often illustrating the goop preferences of the sellers from the news stand, only certain publications are exposed and made open to the detriment of other rival publication. In order to avoid this situation, the official personnel of Gazeta de Sud monitors and permanently assures that the newspaper is exposed at sight, boastful the misfortune to the clients to slow read the headlines. the delayed cash in compendium from the press distribution companies for the sold newspapers (minus the commissioned charged by these companies) the relatively severely into xicateion of return papers (unsold newspapers), which requires material and time resources. As a main advantage of the retail selling by the press distribution companies we mention the fact that, in this way, the editor benefits from an efficient selling manner of its newspaper, repayable to qualified personnel and strategic locations placed in the area with sharp merchandise (the news stands).The retail selling by the newspaper sellers is an alternate to selling at the news stands, intended not to replace it, but to complete it. In general, the newspaper sellers are placed at traffic lights crossroads, a situation in which the clients are the car drivers that wait for the kelvin light supermarkets, markets, train stations, bus stations, traffic ways with many shops and open air coffee shops where there are many passers-by.The newspaper sellers try to adjust to their latent clients by attracting them into buying the product offered. If in the case of the news stands, the cli ent is the one heading for the newspaper, in the case of the newspaper sellers, we can figuratively speak about the newspaper that come directly to the client, facilitating and providing a very comfortable sale.The advantages of selling the newspaper by the newspaper sellers are the following facilitating the newspaper selling process for the client, making it easy, comfortable and quick attracting undecided clients and transforming them, in many situations, in faithful clients of that newspaper seller covering areas where the press distribution companies do not own news stands, thus providing access to the newspaper for a larger number of potential clients ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 44 Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 prompt cash collection for the sold newspapers minimum returned newspapers, due to very meticulously and well organised daily orders and to the possibilities to supplement the order of a ne wspaper seller, that is giving to another seller the order left unsold in one area, according to the selling number of newspapers at a certain hour.As a drawback, we mention the often poor quality of the people allow foring to convey such jobs, there cosmos situations when the clients were disturbed by the very insist newspaper sellers (verbal aggression or not receiving the right change). Another form of retail selling, prosperingly happy in the United States of America and in many European Union countries is selling by newspaper trade machines. In Romania, there have been many attempts to implement such vend machines, especially in the supermarkets, condition the advantage of eliminating the charitable intermediary from this distribution hain, whether it is the the news stand seller or the newspaper seller. However, by eliminating this intermediary and thus the disadvantages ad hoc for these two types of retail selling, other disadvantages became obvious, such as the relatively higher price of the newspaper vending machines the building technique of these machines, which presupposes the opening of a door the moment one introduces the money, giving the opening to take more than one paper.This does not represent a drawback for the school countries, but in Romania, for easily understood reasons, the editors prefer machines that give only one paper at a time. But, there are skilful details to take into account here, such as the variable tip of a paper from one edition to the other and from one publication to the other. b) Selling by subscription Most of the editors prefer to offer the client this possibility too, that is to get the newspaper by subscribing to the dodge.The clients advantages are the following the clients safety that hell get the right publication, avoiding the risk of not finding the newspaper at the news stands the subscription price is much smaller than the total price paid by the buyer for each item bought individually in a calendar month the paper is received by the subscriber at the address mentioned, without cosmos necessary to go and get it or to waste time doing it for the clients in the rural area, where the news stands are generally missing, it is practically impossible to get the wanted newspaper Nonetheless, there are also disadvantages, such as the subscription has to be paid in full in advance, for the entire subscription period the paper is usually delivered at late hours, when many people are already gone to work or to their daily activities, thus loosing one of the basic qualities (offering late, up-to-the-moment news and information) the newspapers with weekend editions (on Saturday or Sunday) are distributed in the countryside on Monday the mail boxes, especially at the blocks of flats, are generally unsafe and easily allow for getting the newspaper by evil-minded people, which subsequently leads to a general discontent of the subscriber who thinks that probably the newsagent w as not delivered.From the lieu of the press trust, the subscription price, in the case of Gazeta de Sud, does not always cover all these costs, but it is an accepted loss because the final profit is targeted and that is advertising (a profit which is direct relation to the circulation number of the newspaper and with the subscription number). However, the selling on subscriptions targets the fidelity of the clients, increasing the audience and implicitly the selling figures from advertising and much less the profit. Practically, the buyers by subscriptions are encouraged to buy a product at a much lower price per item than that bought daily from the news stands.Generally, the number of subscriptions represents a significant profit from the total circulation number of that publication. Moreover, the subscribers are usually those faithful clients that assure the safety for continuing to publish that publication and on which the editor bases the upcoming planning. The anticipated pay ment of the subscription allows the editor to collect in advance considerable amounts of money, that would help organise the activities for the next period. The subscriptions do not usually generate significant profit for the editor. There are situations when the subscription price hardly covers the editing and printing costs form that publication.The offset liking is that a great number of subscriptions means a an increased circulation number and thus a larger audience, this leading to obtaining more advertising clients from the specialised companies. The advertising companies carefully analyse the data given by the certified institutions, such as BRAT in the case of the circulation numbers, and SNA for audience, and their decimal and value offer for large advertising is in accordance with the data. attached this fact, the editors do not necessarily target profit from subscriptions, but they matter the indirect profit derived from advertising, due to the large audience of the newspaper. Subscribing at the send office is the most used form of subscribing to a publication. ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 145Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 The national company the Romanian Post covers the whole country and on an agreement basis, concludes contracts with the editors and distributes subscriptions to a series of publications. Another form of subscription, practised especially by several local and regional newspapers, is the subscription through their own subscribing network. Such subscribing networks have been created because the editors wanted to increase the number of subscribers, thus adding up to the subscriptions made through the dribble office. Taking into account the disadvantages of the post office subscription method, the newspapers subscription network aims at eliminating these disadvantages and thus earning more subscribers, even those who were initially grudging to subscribe t o these publications, given the drawbacks.Despite the higher price, the subscribers adhering to this network generally have the following advantages the newspaper is delivered early in the morning, offering the possibility to be read and get in touch with the latest information even forwards going to work or start the daily activities the paper is delivered even on Saturday, including in the rural areas where the network has collaborators and coverage there is also the possibility the payment throughout the first subscription days, especially for the new clients, to give them the possibility to appreciate the way in which the paper is delivered the claims and complaints are more promptly analysed and solved by the editors personnel in charge of this aspect. Creating such subscription networks involves a considerable effort from the editors side, universe necessary to employ new people, both for the contracting part, and for the distribution of subscriptions part for the entire area to be covered. Alongside with these aspects, it is also necessary to have people that would coordinated this activity, that is to distribute newspaper packets in the locations where the subscription distributors come and pick them up and finally deliver them to the clients etc. c) Promotions and protocols A part of the total circulation number is represented by promotions and protocols.The newspaper Gazeta de Sud, but other newspapers, too, financially support this activity and have constantly resorted the so-called promotional subscriptions (subscriptions at trim prices or even awarded free of charge), whose role is to achieve an intensive increase in the number of subscribers in the area where there is a deficit from this point of view to regain the lost subscribers to reward certain faithful readers to slightly bid the audience of the newspaper There were many situations when a certain number of copies of a newspaper edition were given free of charge, with the purpose to promote the newspaper on the event of special occasions. In the case of protocols, these are represented by the newspapers regularly given, free of charge, to several public institutions or radio or television stations which broadcast shows about related to press reviews.Analysing the data at the end of 2011 the structure of the circulation number is the following 45% represent the subscriptions by the Romanian Post 25% subscriptions by their own distribution network 18% selling the newspaper at the news stands 8% selling the newspaper by the newspaper sellers 4% protocols and promotions It can be concluded that 70% of the product buyers are faithful readers of the newspaper and that they regularly buy it by the subscription system, while the retail selling (at the news stands or by the newspaper sellers) provide only 26% of the total circulation number, additionally having the disadvantage to deal with the returned items (newspaper copies left unsold) which represent finan cial loss for the company. From the data analysed during 2008-2011 ( table no. 1), we note that there is a decrease in the newspaper selling figures with 43%, the most influenced being the subscription selling by its own network, which dropped with 76% and could not be remunerated by the growth in the subscription rate by the Romanian post office of 36% as compared to 2008. Table no. 1. The sales evolution during 2008-2011 Year Subscription by Subscription by retail selling at Retail selling by post network news stands newspaper sellers 2008 97. 436 118. 994 1. 704. 162 200. 000 100. 347 1. 396. 995 175. 800 72. 162 1. 088. 833 94. 681 29. 581 963. 756 83. 04 Source( inborn Report of Organization) Among the factors that contributed to this situation, we mention the rise of the subscription price as a bit of rising the price of the raw material and utilities ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 2009 2010 2011 79. 634 91. 429 132. 694 146 Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 the renouncement to certain distribution routes because of their lack of profitability the decrease of the population income, which made them unsubscribe the newspaper system. As a result of the data analysis, the greatest part of the population that subscribe to the newspaper are old people (over 55% of the subscribers are retired people) followed by the population of the age collection 45-55 years ( approx. 30%).With the purpose of increasing the sale figures and the market quota, the press features may be used accordingly, namely by adopting or allowing for measures to encumber the current clients faithful to the newspaper, materialised in flawless distribution, attractive price, gifts, prompt complaints solving of clients unsatisfied with the paper distribution by its own distribution system. The company has to take measures to revise the whole distribution system of the subscribed newspaper so that to improve the acqui sition efficiency and the number of subscribers, because the recruitment value and number of subscribers are extremely important factors for the survival and profit contemporaries in a craft with a subscription selling strategy component. The reasons for not subscribing, as mentioned above, may become mostly slamn by surveys. The activity of attracting new clients is much more costly and given this fact new programmes should be created to keep the current clients. measures to attract new subscribers by background up a telemarketing service, through which potential clients are contacted by phone and asked if they are willing to subscribe to the newspaper network, offering, together with other companies, promotional materials for the clients who subscribe for a longer period of time contacting the lost subscribers in order to establish the causes of their refusal to continue the subscription and to try, where possible, to remedy the complaints there is also the possibility to off er reduced price subscriptions or even free subscriptions for short time intervals to make the client aware that the complaints were solved creating a prize awarding, extremely motivating for the newspapers sellers and the subscription agencies that obtain very good results in their activity giving clients the possibility to subscribe by sending an SMS (the cost for the SMS is the equivalent price for the monthly subscription, and the client is contacted afterward the SMS in order to obtain all the information necessary for the delivery) ? rganising a retribution system for the post workers with good results in their activity to conclude subscriptions ? organising a system for the so-called promotional subscriptions destined to certain locations where the paper can be read (open air cafe bars, medical cabinets, notarial offices etc. ) a situation in which the client pays the full subscription price and gets other 2-3 free subscriptions. ledger entry on a bigger market by a more aggressive advertising campaign improving the quality of the newspaper articles and actively involving the readers in the community life, a strategy that would attract a great number of readers motivated by their involvement in the daily problems of their community.The company position is, also, seriously affected by the presence of a very high number of information sources and news that contribute to the decrease in the content value, but also to the impossibility of protecting the content rethinking the offer system for the online readers by paying a monthly subscription in order to have access to the content of the newspaper. The new payment model moldiness be reorganised so that the media companies may sell packages of products that include subscriptions to the print newspaper and to the online version. Thus, the subscribers to the print version may have access also to the online version and to the smart phone /tablet version.This payment structure encourages readers to subs cribe to the print edition and subsequently to support the maintenance of the circulation number. Furthermore, the attention of the clients is drawn, from the idea of restriction, to the idea of full access to the information, by any means. The strategies adopted by the press trusts for overcoming the crisis must be correlated with the resource strategies, especially since the costs for the workforce in this activity domain represent an important part of the final product cost. Given this fact, we consider that the analysis of the companys activity has to be drawn up in direct correlation with the human resource strategy for the selling component.We claim that the personnel restructuring and the dissolution of the distribution networks are supposed to be the last resort strategy, used only after all the other strategies have been analysed and eliminated, because, once the distribution network is lost, it can hardly be re-established due to higher costs. Recruitment and selection of the selling workforce in the domain are characteristics determined by the specific activity. When analysing the activity, one have to take into account a series of aspects, namely a). the number of the current publications in the region b). the recruitment and selection of the selling workforce, which is difficult since the revenues obtained from selling the newspaper is low c). the geographical area where the publication is.With the purpose of winning the market, a series of major investments must be applied and, as opposed to other activity domains, we claim that the most important investment must be made in the human resources. It should not be neglected that a newspaper sells information. Some of the arguments in favour of the opinion that the human resource is the most important component are related to the quality of the newspaper articles, to the research methods ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 147 Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Econo my Series, Issue 3/2012 and subject approach and to the manner in which the readers are captivated by the headlines.Another challenge is adjusting to the new needs and reading demeanour of diverse segments of readers, but many did not understand this aspect, despite the market data reports about the focus groups present in each trust. Overcoming the crisis does not presupposes only restricting the activity. On the contrary, as we mentioned before, it involves the quality improvement of the product. Another strategy that should be adopted by the local publications could be the identification of new distribution channels and the improvement of advertising offers to atract important clients in need of advertising. We should not forget that the important local advertising clients were the real estate investors, the banks and the auto dealers.Once the crisis was installed, most of the private and public companies have reduced their advertising budgets. Many of these companies limited t heir activity or even disappeared from the market, others orient towards different mass media channels television or radio. Another excerption to increase sales is to withdraw from the advertising companies in which many newspapers sell their available inventory. These companies get big commissions, and sometimes the publisher gets 5-10% of the advertising run price. The dependence to third parties for advertising selling visibly affects the newspapers performance. Those who already have their own selling aggroups debate on the opportunity to use the same people both for selling print and online.There are opinions supporting these merging(prenominal) views, but there are also those who consider that a make out team for online selling would be more efficient. They claim that it is very hard for a sales manager to motivate and train a team that is supposed to have different selling techniques and completely different financial expectations. Likewise, in order to be complete and functional, the selling strategy presupposes the participation of an entire set of specific forms the report forms, the market reports regarding the competing newspapers, the press supervise reports, the buffer stock, the monitoring report for the selling agents routes, reports regarding the number of new activity routes or new clients etc.The marketing and selling strategy of the organisation implies finding solutions to attract clients, not only by offering appealing discounts, but also by providing better articles with a more interesting content, or, in the case of the press trusts that have the opportunity of using several media channels, by offering common packages for clients. For example, those publications that do not abandon their online version of the newspaper have to find new ways to attract advertising clients for its both versions, the print and the online, eventually using these common packages. First of all, a luculent marketing approach should be based on a clear definition of the market and the audience.When all the departments of a company work together to meet the needs and the interests of the consumer, the result may be a successful one. It implies that the action should unfold on two levels firstly, it refers to the functional components of the marketing system the selling workforce, the advertising, the relationship with the clients, the product management, the marketing research that need to work together. Secondly, marketing should be supported, understood and accepted by all the other departments. To support the team work in a inter-department team, the organisation has to hold in internal and external marketing. The external marketing is directed to the audience away the organisation.The internal one, refers to employing, training and motivating certain capable and talented employees, which will serve the interests and the needs of the clients. The internal marketing precedes the external marketing. For an organisation, there is no point in promising excellent services before being capable to actually offer them. A selling team that is not supported by the strategic marketing cannot successfully accomplish the selling objectives. It is very difficult to build a selling team in print media and it is more difficult to motivate it. The company existence is restricted on the way in which the selling team interacts with the clients. The strategies for keeping the products on the market should be tailored to meet the new, continuously changing expectations of the consumers.The content quality and the reputation of the publication based on the professionalism of the journalists will be the basis for the upcoming strategies in the media businesses. 3. Conclusions Should the press trusts want to develop future strategies, they have to to be aware of the globalisation effect, of the economic changes and the new technologies and their impact on the entire media industry. It is unnatural to offer common solutions for all consumers, especially under the circumstances brought by the explosion of the Internet. There is the need for recognize offers, in accordance with the public segments traditionalisticist users, new media users etc.This segmentation is not easy to realise and all the needs that the publication has to meet should be clearly, honestly and precisely defined. Defining and targeting a clear value for the readers and the advertising clients will help the publication have better chances to resist on the market. At the moment, thousands of papers throughout the world are caught in a fight with the Internet. Nobody knows what will happen, which of them will win the fight, or how the survivors will look like after the final round. On one hand, the new technology has led to an audience increase, and on the other hand the selling figures of the print newspapers have significantly dropped.Thus, the most aggressive competitor of the traditional selling networks in the print press is the Internet. Despite the fact that the costs for the online version of the newspaper are lower compared to the print version, the editors still dont know or dont understand the online phenomenon and for this new competitor they have to find solutions to create themselves. ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 148 Annals of the Constantin Brancusi University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 In print press, the business model was almost identical regardless of the advertising type creating and distributing informational content and attaching advertising to that content.The expenses generated by the printing, distribution and salaries were covered from the newspaper selling (30%) and advertising (70%) 13. There has never been a profound relationship between the advertising and the articles. The advertising clients had no choice in the matter, lacking alternatives for the promotion of their products or services. Their only requirement regarded the number of sold newspape rs and the targeted audience. Under the current circumstances, the Internet development furthers more and more the content of the information and advertising. Practically speaking, we ask ourselves Which are the reasons for selling a newspaper, given that all the information may be found on the Internet? and What determines the clients to allocate budgets for the print press?As long as there are readers who want to read the newspaper in its print form, no matter what the fluctuations are, there will a market for this product and therefore the press trusts will have to find the best methods to survive. The greater the challenges for the companies management, the more difficult it is to anticipate the future of the press, no matter how many surveys will be carried out. Nowadays, under the given circumstances, the selling teams have the task to find the best solutions to attract advertising clients on one hand, and to find solutions for keeping the distribution channels for the newspap er, on the other hand. 4. Bibliography 1 Bertrand, C,J- O introducere in presa scrisa si vorbita, Ed. Polirom, Iasi, 2001 2 Coman, M, Introducere in sistemul mass media , Ed.Polirom, Iasi 2007 3 Kotler, Philip, Managementul marketingului (traducere), Editura Teora, Bucuresti, 2000. 4 Stefanescu, Paul, Bazele marketingului, Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1994. 5 *** www. activewatch. ro -Raport Free Ex 2011 pg. 7 6 *** www. ancom. org. ro 7 *** www. business24. ro-Piata media iese din criza. In 2012 va inregistra primele cresteri dupa 3 ani de foc 8 *** www. brat. ro 9 *** www. hotnews. ro-media publicitate 10 *** www. journalism. org 11 *** www. mediaddict. ro 12 *** http//stateofthemedia. org The state of the new Media 2012 13 *** www. studiu-deloitte. ro-tendintele-media-2010 ACADEMICA BRANCUSI PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 7007 149

Factors That Affect Enzyme Reaction Rate

Lab Report F bendors That Affect Enzymes answer Rate Name of lab Effects of temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration, and Substrate Concentration on Enzymatic Activity Introduction Enzymes are the most important types of proteins, they execute as catalysis (speed up chemical reactions). If enzymes didnt exist, biochemical reactions would act to slowly and they couldnt keep up with the metabolic functions. Enzymes have a three-dimensional structure that is really complex. This structure consists of one or more(prenominal) polypeptide chains, they form an active site, which is an area in which the substrate eventually forget fit.The four factors that affect the act and reaction rate of an enzyme are temperature, pH, enzyme compactness and substrate concentration. Research Question/Hypothesis The hypothesis is that when the temperature is higher than 40? C, the enzyme catalysis will increase. That the enzyme activity with the pH effect is that if it isnt at the optimum pH value th ere will be a total loss of the enzyme activity. As the change in enzyme concentration increases the activity rate will increase if there is a proportional tot up of enzyme concentration and substrate.Variables Independent pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and enzymatic activity. Dependent the reaction rate Control variable temperature and amount of substrates and enzymes added. Materials Phosphate Buffers Beaker Catechol Potato succus Parafilm Test Tubes Procedure To story the effect of temperature 1. Three different tally provides where filled with 3mL of inorganic inorganic phosphate. 2. They were set in three different temperature settings. First resistance was placed in an ice-water bath for ten minutes, the second in a room temperature until 21?C was r for distributively oneed, and the third supply was placed in a beaker of warm water. To study the effect of pH 1. The pH determine of pH 4, pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and pH 10 was use to fill five separate ass ay thermionic vacuum tobacco pipes with 3 mL each. 2. To each test tube, ten force outs of catechol and potato juice were added, each tube was cover with Parafilm, and upside-down several times to potpourri the contents. After letting each tube stand for three to five minutes the tubes were inverted at one minute intervals. To study the effect of enzyme concentration 1.The steps complicate four test tubes that were tagged A, B, C, and D. 2. The contents added to tube A are 3mL positivistic 20 drops of pH 7 phosphate cushion, but no potato juice. To tube B, 3 mL confident(p) 15 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 15 drops of potato juice. The amount of pH 7 phosphate buffer added to test tube C are 3 mL plus 10 drops of potato juice. To test tube D, 3 mL of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 20 drops of potato juice were added. 3. Then, each tube was cover in Parafilm and inverted several times to mix the contents.After doing so, 10 drops of catechol were added to each tube and covere d with Parafilm and inverted several times to mix the contents. 4. After allowing each tube to stand for three to four minutes the tubes were mixed at one-minute intervals. To study the effects of substrate concentration 1. Eight test tubes that were involved. 2. These test tubes were labeled 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 48. Next, each test tube had a certain amount of phosphate buffer and catechol was added to each. 3.To test tube 1 5 mL plus 47 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 1 drop of catechol test tube 2 5 mL plus 46 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 3 drops of catechol test tube 4 5 mL plus 44 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 4 drops of catechol test tube 8 5 mL plus 40 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 8 drops of catechol test tube 16 5 mL plus 32 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 16 drops of catechol test tube 24 5 mL plus 24 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 24 drops of catechol test tube 32 5 Ml plus 16 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 32 drops of catechol and te st tube 48 5 mL of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 48 drops of catechol. 4. Then, each tube was covered with Parafilm and inverted several times to mix the contents. Also, to each of the tubes, 30 drops of potato juice were added and covered with Parafilm and inverted several times to mix the contents. The test tubes set at room temperature for five minutes and were mixed at one minute intervals.

Impact Of Entertainment To The Atmosphere Environmental Sciences Essay

Entertainment has been an of conditional relation comp cardinalnt in this universe. Peoples attempt tout ensemble sort of amusement such as ath permiticss and medical specialty to pass their powder store either entirely or with house suss out and friends. Some flock whitethorn be ordaining to travel through a great length, authorise large meat of money or even digest whatever physical ch entirelyenges either bit long as they get the amusement from the activities that they loved. However, some mountain might non recognize that some of their activities might be harmful to the standard atmosphere, which in the long- control leave fin onlyy electric shock themselves and their households. A individual or an organisation might non recognize how they atomic number 18 damage the ambiance be ready largely their activities does non evidence both straightaway seeable impact, still scientific discipline has shown us how a simple action that seems so harmless might lend to a annihilating impact to the ambiance. ace illust proportionalityn of a popular amusement presents is the medicinal drug fiestas. medicament doubtless is one of the biggest beginnings of amusement and is enjoyed by people irrespective of age, profession or cultural difference. Music fiestas argon the topographic point that could garner 1000s of euphony lovers to portion their love and compulsions towards music. Festivals such as the Woodstock Festival ( 1969 ) in unify States and Glastonbury Festival in join Kingdom send word cleave to a greater extent than 100,000 people at a clip. In Australia, some festivals such as the Big Day Out and Soundwave Festival has been organized in near every province of the state and be take places one-year tradition among the music lovers. These atomic number 18 one of the biggest amusement events in the state tho without deep stipulation to the environment, they potful be one of the study(ip) grounds of atmospheric pollution. conte mpt many positive parts of the music festival, there are overly the parts where music festival undersurface be harmful to the environment. Music festivals use immense sum of energy which may comes from non-sustainable beginnings. Two major beginnings of electricity during music festivals came from open fire- g smalling authors or the electricity grid, in which in Australia they largely came from the combustion of coal ( Solar Point, n.d. ) . These ability beginnings release immense sum of C dioxide ( CO2 ) and nimbus pollutants which might lend to the long- rifle impact to the ambiance such as the planetary heating and acerb rain. to a fault that, diesel-powered generators normally use in festivals might besides come out immediate wellness fright as they may let go of truly little unless risky solid particulate affair which could mucklealise harmful chemicals to peopleis lungs while they breathe. It might non be a common misfortune but it is disclose to fix for the wors t and seek to extinguish air pollutants and inordinate babys room gasses from the ambiance.Alternatively, music festivals might besides hold spicy C footmark that came indirectly from the events. For case, the crowd came to music festival from all across the province and release immense sums of nursery gasses to the ambiance by going in their autos, coachs or any early(a) agencies of transit that lease combustion of fossil fuel. This will be worst if the events cause monolithic traffic jams as it will impact even those who are non traveling to the festivals and much fuel burning will takes topographic point on the route. On the other manus, non everyone in the crowd during the event will implement the proper demeanor of disposing or recycling their waste, which means more pollutants will be depictd to the environment. Furthermore, the corporal energy from the life rhythm of the phases, equipments, vehicles and other stuffs used during the festival might besides add to the C footmark of the event. tout ensemble these beginnings of pollutants and nursery gasses will so impact the ambiance and lead to point waste toing environmental jobs.It will be absurd to propose that music festivals should be banned to protect the environment. A more effectual sort to manage this job is by retracing the event to be more environmentally friendly and to cut nap the C footmark of the event to the debase limit. The most critical measure towards this solution essential get overthrow from the eventis direction squad. The organiser for such event must alter their administration and include environmental continue in their policy. Each event must hold a designated environmental coordinator who will be responsible to the degree of environmental sustainability of the event. The coordinator must supply some sustainable guidelines and ensures that the processs are enforced in every facet. In add-on, the attendants of the event should be offered the option to counter balance their C footmark in the attempt to cut crush nursery issuance. In Queensland, sheen in the Grass Festival offers Carbon get-go Ticket which will countervail the buyeris travel emanation for around 350km ( Splendour in the Grass, 2010 ) .Redesigning the whole power supply agreement to be more environmentally friendly can hold a important consequence to the sustainability of the music festival. Organizers should do certain that their phase uses efficient power supply and utilize energy salvaging equipment. Precious energy demands to be conserved as more electricity generated will do more harmful substances to be released to the ambiance. However, a more reasonable manner of significantly cut toss off the emanation is by taking the right beginning for the electricity. Presently, most of the festivals in Australia or any other state in the universe run by trusting on fossil fuels, which burning is a major menace to the ambiance. Therefore, if we want to forestall the inordin ate emanation of C dioxide, atomic number 16 dioxide and azotic oxide to the ambiance, so bring forthing electricity from harmless resources should be the precedence.In Australia, there are several companies that have developed the safe engineering science and made them portable and simple to be used. Some practical options that may be a good replacing for the dodo fuel ground electricity are biodiesel generator and solar photovoltaic ( PV ) system. Unlike petrofuel generator, biodiesel generator used Diesel made from vegetable oils or carnal fats. Biodiesel is a type of renewable energy and is presently emerging as one of the most dependable options to fossil fuel. maven advantage of this renewable fuel is that C dioxide will be used during the production of the biodiesel, which is from the photosynthesis of the works. However, although the C ratio of biodiesel is significantly lower than the normal Diesel, the burning of biodiesel besides releases nitrogen oxides every bit goo d as little sum of sulfur dioxides and methane. azotic oxide ( NOx ) is the inevitable consequence of any burning procedure, in which the superior temperature at the furnaces or engines will change over N from the ambiance to azotic oxide ( Boyle, 2004 ) . Therefore, it might be a more simple solution, but biodiesel generators might non be the smartest natural selection for power supply.A better pick for power supply could be the solar PV system. Australia is one of the states that receive competent sum of sunshine ( Solar Point, n.d. ) so there will be no job of limited resource. Solar PV does non necessitate any burning and is a really clean renewable energy. In add-on, solar faculties do non hold any moving parts which mean it is safe to run and will non necessitate frequent care. PV system can be lay down at the festivalis site as a base entirely system or grid-connected system. A grid connected system can let the excess power to be fed back to the grid and can utilize some energy from the grid in instance of power deficit. However, it might non hold the portability and flexibleness that the base entirely system will hold. In Australia, there are tonss of companies that specialize in PV panels and plentifulness of picks are available in the market. The lone job will be that the crownwork cost of the system will be rather high but on the contrary, the running cost will be really low as it does non necessitate intensive care, have long lifetime and it can be recycled. The best portion of utilizing solar PV system is the ifueli is clean, safe and free.One simple but interesting suggestion to better the sustainability of music festival is to revise the catering and menu choice of the events. It might non look as a really notable thought but making so might besides cut down the impact of music festival to the ambiance. Festivals irrespective of their continuances or sizes normally present caterer or stroller who provide or sell nutrients and drinks during the event. Foods and drinks are the biggest beginning of rubbish as can be seen in every festival site after everyone has leave the locale. Therefore, it might be a good thought to inquire the caterer, peddler or any parties who are responsible for the nutrient to cut down or wholly extinguish any nutrient or drinks that come in non-biodegradable or non-recyclable wrapper if possible. In add-on, they should besides be reminded to induce off their H2O and energy use expeditiously and cut down their waste. Unnecessary energy use is non solely uneconomical, but some electric contraptions might besides lend to atmospheric pollution. For case, CFC ( CFC ) from refrigerator is a immense menace to the ambiance as it is the major cause of stratospheric ozone depletion. Therefore, it will be a great thought to inquire the caterer to hold their ain environmental policy in order to better the sustainability of the event.in any event concentrating on the manner to cut down the emanation of n ursery gasses and other atmospheric pollutants by music festivals, organisers should besides take the chance to utilize the events as a medium to advance environmental concerns among the populace. Organizers should show that their events are back uping the attempt to protect the ambiance and involved in the encounter to conserve the environment. It will be better if the event will merely accept sponsorship from organisations that besides support the environmental cause and non peculiarly involved in any major environmental job. During the event, environmental nubs should besides be displayed or announced several times to stress the importance of a sustainable hereafter. In add-on, well-known eco-friendly sets and instrumentalists should besides be invited to execute to demo that everyone has the duty to protect the planet. Internationally celebrated sets such as Radiohead ( United Kingdom ) and Pearl Jam ( United States ) have publically shown their concern to the environment and these function theoretical accounts have the ability to present the message successfully to the crowd.Another of import component that besides needs to be introduced in a music festival is a sustainability audit. It is really of import to reexamine every facet of the festival and happen a manner to better the event in the hereafter. The event can be assessed by internal member of the festival or with the aid of professional judge. The audit should measure the direct and indirect emanations of nursery gasses, energy efficiency for all electrical devices and systems, physical impact of the event to the environment and the effectivity of the eventis environmental policy. The informations collected could be really utile in bettering the sustainability of the event and can besides be a guideline for any other link event in the hereafter.There might be some other enterprises that could be put into pattern in the attempt to alter music festival to be a kilobyteish event. These attempts will non hold any major impact on the enjoyment and exhilaration that are seek on the event because the satisfaction of the attendants will besides be a precedence. In fact, an environmentally friendly music festival could perchance pull even more support from the music lovers as more people in the universe has started to care for the environment and opt for more green activities. We can see in every province in Australia people have shown their involvement for more sustainable hereafter and the communities took assorted attempts to better the vicinities. In the sustainable music festival, everyone can bask the great music without worrying about how they may harm the ambiance. The Earth is traveling to be a more beautiful planet if we can let go of the love of music into the atmosphere alternatively of the soiled burning grass of the dodo fuel.